Preface
In Java, threads are the counterpart of system threads and are used to handle a range of system resources. The number of threads that can be opened is limited in both windows and linux, so if you create unlimited threads in your java program, you will encounter a situation where no threads can be created.
CPU cores are limited and if there are multiple threads running at the same time, the CPU will rotate according to the priority of the threads and allocate a specific amount of CPU time to each thread. So more threads are not better.
There are two interfaces that represent the management of ThreadPool: ExecutorService and Executor.
The steps we take to run a thread are generally like this:
- Create an ExecutorService.
- Submit the task to the ExecutorService.
- The ExecutorService schedules the thread to run the task.
Draw a diagram to represent.
Here I will talk about how to use ThreadPool in java.
Executors, Executor and ExecutorService
Executors provide a set of easy methods to help us create ThreadPool.
The Executor interface defines a method.
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ExecutorService inherits from Executor and provides more thread pool operations. It is a complement to Executor.
According to the principle of interface implementation separation, we usually use ExecutorService or Executor in java code instead of specific implementation classes.
Let’s look at how to create an Executor and ExecutorService through Executors.
ThreadPoolExecutor
ThreadPoolExecutor is an implementation of the ExecutorService interface, which can add a more fine-grained configuration to the thread pool, specifically it can control these three parameters: corePoolSize, maximumPoolSize, and keepAliveTime.
PoolSize is the number of threads in the pool, and corePoolSize represents the minimum number of threads to be initialized and maintained in the pool.
If there are too many threads waiting, maximumPoolSize can be set to provide the maximum number of threads in the pool, so that the pool will create more threads for task execution.
keepAliveTime is the time that extra threads will wait for unassigned tasks. After that time, the thread will be reclaimed by the thread pool.
Let’s look at how to create a ThreadPoolExecutor.
In the above example we create the ThreadPoolExecutor by using the constructor of the ThreadPoolExecutor.
Generally speaking Executors already have many implementations of ThreadPoolExecutor built in, let’s look at the following example.
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In the above example we Executors.newFixedThreadPool(2) to create a ThreadPoolExecutor.
In the above example we have submitted 3 tasks, but our pool size is only 2. So there is still a 1 that cannot be executed immediately and needs to wait in the queue.
Let’s look at another example.
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In the above example we used Executors.newCachedThreadPool() to create a ThreadPoolExecutor. After running it we can see that poolsize is 3 and queue size is 0. This means that newCachedThreadPool will automatically increase pool size automatically.
If the thread is not activated in 60 seconds or so, it will be retracted.
The Queue here is a SynchronousQueue, since insertion and removal are basically done at the same time, so the queue size here is basically 0.
ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor
There is also a very common ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor, which inherits from ThreadPoolExecutor, and implements the ScheduledExecutorService interface.
Let’s see how to use.
In the above example, we defined a timed task that will be executed after 500 milliseconds.
Earlier we also talked about two other very common methods of the ScheduledExecutorService.
- scheduleAtFixedRate - Takes the start time as the interval.
- scheduleWithFixedDelay - at the end time interval.
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ForkJoinPool
ForkJoinPool is a new framework introduced in java 7, which we will explain in detail in a later articleThe fork join framework in java
. Here is a brief introduction.
ForkJoinPool is mainly used to generate a large number of tasks to do algorithmic operations. If you use threads to do it, it will consume a lot of threads. But this problem does not arise in the fork/join framework.
In fork/join, any task can generate a large number of sub-tasks, and then wait for the sub-task to finish by using join().
Here we give an example.
Define a TreeNode, then iterate over all values and add them up to.
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Here is the code to call.